196   "... the IS-BE who wrote a fictitious story one dark and stormy night..."

Frankenstein: or, The Modern Prometheus is a novel written by the British author Mary
Shelley. Shelley wrote the novel when she was 18 years old. The first edition was
published anonymously in London in 1818. Shelley's name appears on the revised third
edition, published in 1831. The title of the novel refers to a scientist, Victor Frankenstein,
who learns how to create life and creates a being in the likeness of man, but larger than
average and more powerful.

The story has had an influence across literature and popular culture and spawned a
complete genre of horror stories and films. It is arguably considered the first fully
realized science fiction novel. The novel raises many issues that can be linked to
today's society.

During the rainy summer of 1816, the "Year Without a Summer," the world was locked
in a long cold volcanic winter caused by the eruption of Mount Tambora in 1815. Mary
Wollstonecraft Godwin, age 19, and her lover (and later husband) Percy Bysshe Shelley,
visited Lord Byron at the Villa Diodati by Lake Geneva in Switzerland. The weather was
consistently too cold and dreary that summer to enjoy the outdoor holiday activities they had
planned, so the group retired indoors until almost dawn talking about science and the
supernatural. After reading Fantasmagoriana, an anthology of German ghost stories,
they challenged one another to each compose a story of their own, the contest being
won by whoever wrote the scariest tale.

Mary conceived an idea after she fell into a waking dream or nightmare during which
she saw "the pale student of unhallowed arts kneeling beside the thing he had put
together." Byron managed to write just a fragment based on the vampire legends he heard
while travelling the Balkans, and from this Polidori created The Vampyre (1819), the
progenitor of the romantic vampire literary genre. Two legendary horror tales originated from
this one circumstance.

Radu Florescu, in his book In Search of Frankenstein, argued that Mary and Percy Shelley
visited Castle Frankenstein on their way to Switzerland, near Darmstadt along the Rhine,
where a notorious alchemist named Konrad Dippel had experimented with human bodies."

-- Reference: Wikipedia.org

197   "...Grimm's Fairy Tales..."

"The world famous collection of German origin fairy tales Kinder- und Hausmärchen (KHM;
English: Children's and Household Tales), commonly known as Grimm's Fairy Tales, was
first published in 1812 by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, the Brothers Grimm. The brothers
developed an interest in ancient fairy tales. They started to collect and write down tales that
they alleged had been handed down for generations. On December 20, 1812 they published
the first volume of the first edition, containing 86 stories; the second volume of 70 stories
followed in 1814.

The first volumes were much criticized because, although they were called "Children's
Tales", they were not regarded as suitable for children, both for the scholarly information
included and the subject matter. Many changes through the editions—such as turning the
wicked mother of the first edition in Snow White and Hansel and Gretel to a stepmother,
were probably made with an eye to such suitability. They removed sexual references, such
as Rapunzel's betraying the prince by asking why her clothing no longer fit, and so revealing
her pregnancy, but in many respects, violence, particularly when punishing villains, was
increased.

The influence of these books was widespread. It ranks behind only the Bible and the works
of William Shakespeare in sales. W. H. Auden praised it, during World War II, as one of the
founding works of Western culture. The tales themselves have been put to many uses. The
Nazis praised them as folkish tales showing children with sound racial instincts seeking
racially pure marriage partners, and so strongly that the Allied forces warned against them.
Writers about the Holocaust have combined the tales with their memoirs."

-- Reference: Wikipedia.org

198  "...Hinduism..."

"Hinduism is often referred to as Sanātana Dharma, a Sanskrit phrase meaning "the eternal
path" or "the eternal law".

Hinduism is the world's oldest major religion that is still practiced. Its earliest origins can be
traced to the ancient Vedic civilization. A conglomerate of diverse beliefs and traditions,
Hinduism has no single founder. It is the world's third largest religion following Christianity
and Islam, with approximately a billion adherents, of whom about 905 million live in India and
Nepal.

Hinduism is an extremely diverse religion. Although some tenets of the faith are accepted by
most Hindus, scholars have found it difficult to identify any doctrines with universal
acceptance among all denominations. Prominent themes in Hindu beliefs include Dharma
(ethics/duties), Samsāra (The continuing cycle of birth, life, death and rebirth), Karma (action
and subsequent reaction), Moksha (liberation from samsara), and the various Yogas (paths
or practices).

Hinduism is a diverse system of thought with beliefs spanning monotheism, polytheism,
panentheism, pantheism, monism and atheism. It is sometimes referred to as henotheistic
(devotion to a single God while accepting the existence of other gods), but any such term is
an oversimplification of the complexities and variations of belief.

Most Hindus believe that the spirit or soul—the true "self" of every person, called the
ātman—is eternal."

-- Reference: Wikipedia.org

199   "... Arcadia Regeneration Company".

"One of the birthplaces reported for Zeus is Mount Lycaeum in Arcadia. Lycaon, a
cannibalistic Pelasgian king, was transformed into a werewolf by Zeus. Lycaon's daughter
was Callisto. It was also said to have been the birthplace of Zeus' son, Hermes.
Arcadia remained a rustic, secluded area, and its inhabitants became proverbial as primitive
herdsmen leading simple pastoral unsophisticated yet happy lives, to the point that Arcadia
may refer to some imaginary idyllic paradise.

The Latin phrase Et in Arcadia ego which is usually interpreted to mean "I am also in
Arcadia" or "I am even in Arcadia" is an example of memento mori, a cautionary
reminder of the transitory nature of life and the inevitability of death. The phrase is
most often associated with a 1647 painting by Nicolas Poussin, also known as "The
Arcadian Shepherds". In the painting the phrase appears as an inscription on a tomb
discovered by youthful figures in classical garb. It has been suggested that the phrase is an
anagram for the Latin phrase "I! Tego arcana Dei", which translates to "Begone! I keep
God's secrets."

-- Reference: Wikipedia.org

200   "... the majority of basic genetic material is common to all species..."

"The Genetic Core of the Universal Ancestor
J. Kirk Harris, Scott T. Kelley,
1
George B. Spiegelman,
3
and Norman R. Pace
1
1
Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado,
Boulder, Colorado 80309-0347, USA;
2
Graduate Group in Microbiology, University of
California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA;
3
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3

Molecular analysis of conserved sequences in the ribosomal RNAs of modern organisms
reveals a three-domain phylogeny that converges in a universal ancestor for all life.
We used the Clusters of Orthologous Groups database and information from published
genomes to search for other universally conserved genes that have the same phylogenetic
pattern as ribosomal RNA, and therefore constitute the ancestral genetic core of cells.
Our analyses identified a small set of genes that can be traced back to the universal
ancestor and have coevolved since that time.

As indicated by earlier studies, almost all of these genes are involved with the transfer of
genetic information, and most of them directly interact with the ribosome. Other universal
genes have either undergone lateral transfer in the past, or have diverged so much in
sequence that their distant past could not be resolved. The nature of the conserved genes
suggests innovations that may have been essential to the divergence of the three
domains of life. The analysis also identified several genes of unknown function with
phylogenies that track with the ribosomal RNA genes. The products of these genes are likely
to play fundamental roles in cellular processes."

-- Reference: http://www.genome.org/cgi/content/abstract/GR-6528v1?etoc

201   "... biological engineers..."

"Biomedical engineering is an application of engineering principles and design to
challenges in human health and medicine. Bioengineering is related to Biological
Engineering, the latter including applications of engineering principles to the full spectrum of
living systems, from microbes and plants to ecosystems. Bioengineering exploits new
developments in molecular biology, biochemistry, microbiology, and neurosciences as well
as sensing, electronics, and imaging, and applies them to the design of medical devices,
diagnostic equipment, biocompatible materials, and other important medical needs.

Bioengineering couples engineering expertise with knowledge in biological sciences such as
genetics, molecular biology, protein chemistry, cytology, neurobiology, immunology,
physiology, and pharmacology. Bioengineers work closely with, but are not limited to,
medical doctors and other health professionals to develop technical solutions to current and
emerging health concerns.

Bioengineering is not limited to the medical field. Bioengineers have the ability to exploit new
opportunities and solve problems within the domain of complex systems. They have a great
understanding of living systems as complex systems which can be applied to many fields
including entrepreneurship."

-- Reference: Wikipedia.org

202   "... Imperfections were worked out, modifications made and eventually the new
animal was introduced into the actual planetary environment for final testing. "

"The basic ideals of Eugenics can be found from the beginnings of Western civilization. The
philosophy was most famously expounded by Plato, who believed human reproduction
should be monitored and controlled by the state. The basic eugenic principle from Plato’s
The Republic was, “The best men must have intercourse with the best women as frequently
as possible, and the opposite is true of the very inferior.

However, Plato understood this form of government control would not be readily accepted,
and proposed the truth be concealed from the public via a fixed lottery. Mates, in Plato’s
Republic, would be chosen by a “marriage number” in which the quality of the individual
would be quantitatively analyzed, and persons of high numbers would be allowed to
procreate with other persons of high numbers. In theory, this would lead to predictable
results and the improvement of the human race. However, Plato acknowledged the failure of
the “marriage number” since “gold soul” persons could still produce “bronze soul” children.
This might have been one of the earliest attempts to mathematically analyze genetic
inheritance, which was not perfected until the development of Mendelian genetics and the
mapping of the human genome.

Other ancient civilizations, such as Rome and Sparta, practiced infanticide as a form of
phenotypic selection. In Sparta, newborns were inspected by the city's elders, who decided
the fate of the infant. If the child was deemed incapable of living, it was usually thrown from
the Taygetus mountain. It was more common for girls than boys to be killed this way. Trials
for babies which included bathing them in wine and exposing them to the elements. To
Sparta, this would ensure only the strongest survived and procreated. Adolf Hitler
considered Sparta to be the first "Völkisch State," and much like Ernst Haeckel before him,
praised Sparta due to its primitive form of eugenics practice of selective infanticide policy
which was applied on deformed children.

The 12 Tables of Roman Law, established early in the formation of the Roman Republic,
stated in the fourth table that deformed children would be put to death. In addition, patriarchs
in Roman society were given the right to "discard" infants at their discretion. This was often
done by drowning undesired newborns in the Tiber River.

Sir Francis Galton initially developed the ideas of eugenics using social statistics. Sir
Francis Galton systematized these ideas and practices according to new knowledge about
the evolution of man and animals provided by the theory of his cousin Charles Darwin during
the 1860s and 1870s. After reading Darwin's Origin of Species, Galton built upon Darwin's
ideas whereby the mechanisms of natural selection were potentially thwarted by human
civilization. He reasoned that, since many human societies sought to protect the
underprivileged and weak, those societies were at odds with the natural selection
responsible for extinction of the weakest; and only by changing these social policies could
society be saved from a "reversion towards mediocrity," a phrase he first coined in statistics
and which later changed to the now common "regression towards the mean."

-- Reference: Wikipedia.org

203   "...species..."

"In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic
rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and
producing fertile offspring. While in many cases this definition is adequate, more precise or
differing measures are often used, such as based on similarity of DNA or morphology.
Presence of specific locally-adapted traits may further subdivide species into subspecies.
The commonly used names for plant and animal taxa sometimes correspond to species: for
example, "lion," "walrus," and "Camphor tree," each refers to a species. In other cases
common names do not: for example, "deer" refers to a family of 34 species, including Eld's
Deer, Red Deer and Wapiti (Elk). The last two species were once considered a single
species, illustrating how species boundaries may change with increased scientific
knowledge.

Each species is placed within a single genus. This is a hypothesis that the species is more
closely related to other species within its genus than to species of other genera. All species
are given a binomial name consisting of the generic name and specific name (or specific
epithet). For example, Pinus palustris (commonly known as the Longleaf Pine).

A usable definition of the word "species" and reliable methods of identifying particular
species are essential for stating and testing biological theories and for measuring
biodiversity. Traditionally, multiple examples of a proposed species must be studied for
unifying characters before it can be regarded as a species. Extinct species known only from
fossils are generally difficult to give precise taxonomic rankings to. A species which has
been described scientifically can be referred to by its binomial names.

Nevertheless, as Charles Darwin remarked, 'I look at the term species as one arbitrarily given for the sake of convenience to a set of individuals closely resembling each other .... it does not essentially differ from the term variety, which is given to less distinct and more fluctuating forms. The term variety, again in comparison with mere individual difference, is also applied
arbitrarily, and for mere convenience sake.'

Because of the difficulties with both defining and tallying the total numbers of different
species in the world, it is estimated that there are anywhere between 2 million and 100
million different species."

-- Reference: Wikipedia.org

204   "...species of beetle..."

"Beetles are a group of insects which have the largest number of species. They are placed
in the order Coleoptera, which means "sheathed wing" and contains more described species
than in any other order in the animal kingdom, constituting about twenty-five percent of all
known life-forms. Forty percent of all described insect species are beetles (about 350,000
species), and new species are frequently discovered. Estimates put the total number of
species, described and undescribed, at between 5 and 8 million.

Beetles can be found in almost all habitats, but are not known to occur in the sea or in the
polar regions. They interact with their ecosystems in several ways. They often feed on plants
and fungi, break down animal and plant debris, and eat other invertebrates. Some species
are prey of various animals including birds and mammals. Certain species are agricultural
pests, such as the Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata, the boll weevil
Anthonomus grandis, the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum, and the mungbean or
cowpea beetle Callosobruchus maculatus, while other species of beetles are important
controls of agricultural pests. For example, coccinellidae ("ladybirds" or "ladybugs") consume
aphids, scale insects, thrips, and other plant-sucking insects that damage crops."

-- Reference: Wikipedia.org

205   "One species does not evolve to become another species, as the Earth textbooks indicate, without the intervention and manipulation of genetic material by an IS-BE."

"Genetic engineering, recombinant DNA technology, genetic modification /
manipulation (GM) and gene splicing are terms applied to the direct manipulation of an
organism's genes. Genetic engineering is not to be confused with traditional breeding where
the organism's genes are manipulated indirectly. Genetic engineering uses the techniques of
molecular cloning and transformation. Genetic engineering endeavors have found some
success in improving crop technology, the manufacture of synthetic human insulin through
the use of modified bacteria, the manufacture of erythropoietin in Chinese hamster ovary
cells, and the production of new types of experimental mice such as the oncomouse (cancer
mouse) for research.

Since a protein sequence is specified by a segment of DNA called a gene, novel versions of
that protein can be produced by changing the DNA sequence of the gene. The companies
that own the modified genome are able to patent it. In the case of basic crops, the
companies gain control of foodstuffs, controlling food production on a large scale and
reducing agrobidiversity to a few varieties. The only apparent interest in promoting this
tecnology appears to be purely economic, despite the claims of seed companies such as
Monsanto and Novartis to solve the world food scarcity. It is now popularly understood that it
is not the lack of food on a wholewide scale that is the main problem, but its distribution,
aggravated by prohibitive tariffs by rich nations. Genetically modified crops do not reduce
hunger. The majority of genetically crops are destined for animal food to meet the high
demand for meat in developed countries. No genetic modification have yet to serve the
needs of mankind despite all the promises in this direction.

However, even with regard to this technology's great potential, some people have raised
concerns about the introduction of genetically engineered plants and animals into the
environment and the potential dangers of human consumption of GM foods. They say that
these organisms have the potential to spread their modified genes into native populations
thereby disrupting natural ecosystems. This has already happened."

-- Reference: Wikipedia.org

206   "...genetic manipulation of a species..."

"How much genetic variation is there? Historical debate: Classical school held that there
was very little genetic variation, most individuals were homozygous for a "wild-type" allele.
Rare heterozygous loci due to recurrent mutation; natural selection purges populations of
their "load" of mutations. Balance school held that many loci will be heterozygous in natural
populations and heterozygotes maintained by "balancing selection" (heterozygote
advantage). Selection thus plays a role in maintaining variation.
How do we measure variation? To show that there is a genetic basis to a continuously
varying character one can study 1) resemblance among relatives: look at the offspring of
individuals from parents in different parts of the distribution; can estimate heritability (more
later). 2) artificial selection: pigeons and dogs show that there is variation present; does
not tell how much variation."

-- Reference: http://biomed.brown.edu/Courses/BIO48/5.Geno.Pheno.HTML

207   "... Proteobacteria..."

"The Proteobacteria are a major group (phylum) of bacteria. They include a wide variety of
pathogens, such as Escherichia, Salmonella, Vibrio, Helicobacter, and many other notable
genera. Others are free-living, and include many of the bacteria responsible for nitrogen
fixation. The group is defined primarily in terms of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences, and is
named for the Greek god Proteus (also the name of a bacterial genus within the
Proteobacteria), who could change his shape, because of the great diversity of forms found
in this group.

All Proteobacteria are Gram-negative, with an outer membrane mainly composed of
lipopolysaccharides. Many move about using flagella, but some are non-motile or rely on
bacterial gliding. The last include the myxobacteria, a unique group of bacteria that can
aggregate to form multicellular fruiting bodies. There is also a wide variety in the types of
metabolism. Most members are facultatively or obligately anaerobic and heterotrophic, but
there are numerous exceptions. A variety of genera, which are not closely related to each
other, convert energy from light through photosynthesis. These are called purple bacteria,
referring to their mostly reddish pigmentation."

-- Reference: Wikipedia.org

208   "...Phylum..."

"In biological taxonomy, a 'phylum' is a taxonomic rank at the level below Class and above
Kingdom. "Phylum" is adopted from the Greek φυλαίphylai, the clan-based voting groups in
Greek city-states."

-- Reference: Wikipedia.org

209   "...intensely hot blue star..."

"Blue stars are very hot and very luminous; in fact, most of their output is in the ultraviolet
range. These are the rarest of all main sequence stars, constituting as few as 1 in 3,000,000
in the solar neighborhood. (Blue) stars shine with a power over a million times our Sun's
output. Examples: Zeta Orionis, Zeta Puppis, Lambda Orionis, Delta Orionis"..

Reference: Wikipedia.org

210   "... responsible for coordinating creature production..."

Editor"s Note: For detailed information on the organization that controls the World
Congress of the Biotechnology Industry, visit their website at http://www.bio.org .
Here is a statement from their website about who they are and what they do:
"BIO is the world's largest biotechnology organization, providing advocacy, business
development and communications services for more than 1,150 members worldwide. Our
mission is to be the champion of biotechnology and the advocate for our member
organizations—both large and small.

BIO members are involved in the research and development of innovative healthcare,
agricultural, industrial and environmental biotechnology technologies. Corporate members
range from entrepreneurial companies developing a first product to Fortune 100
multinationals. We also represent state and regional biotech associations, service
providers to the industry and academic centers. Visit the BIO Member Directory to
browse BIO members and Web site links as well as BIO state and international affiliates. "

-- Reference: http://bio.org/aboutbio/

211   "... patent licenses for the biological engineering process ..."

"A biological patent is a patent relating to an invention or discovery in biology.
The 1970’s marked the first time when scientists patented methods on their biotechnological
inventions with recombinant DNA. It wasn’t until 1980 that patents for whole-scale living
organisms was permitted. In Diamond v. Chakrabarty, the Supreme Court overturned a
previous precedent allowing the patentability of living matter. The subject for this
particular case was a bacterium that was specifically modified to help clean-up and degrade
oil spills.

Since legal changes have occurred starting in 1980, there has been a general trend of
patenting inventions on living matter. More knowledge and data has become available in
recent years that have never before been available. However, for us to get to the point
where it is making a significant difference in peoples’ lives, a tidy sum of money needs to be
invested. Biotech and pharmaceutical companies in recent years have found out how
lucrative biological research can be. These firms foster many research opportunities
by funding made possible only through the private sector.

Patents have provided an impetus for research to be pursued in that the end goal of money
can be envisioned by companies with the funding cash. Especially during the genomic era,
more patents were issued. Companies and organizations like the University of California
were patenting whole genomes.

In 1998, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) issued a broad patent claiming
primate (including human) embryonic stem cells, entitled "Primate Embryonic Stem
Cells" (Patent 5,843,780). On 13 March 2001, a second patent (6,200,806) was issued with
the same title but focused on human embryonic stem cells.

Recently, there has been a slowdown and backlash against patenting biological
material worldwide.

Some feel that the increase in patenting biological information leads to inefficiency in
research. Many scientists are coming up against patent thickets, which are masses of
information that they must obtain permission (and often pay large fees to utilize)
before they can ever work with the information.

Michael Heller and Rebecca Eisenberg (2005) explain that there is a recent trend of
patenting more and more steps along the research path. This creates a "tragedy of the
anticommons," whereby "each upstream patent allows its owner to set up another tollbooth
on the road to product development, adding to the cost and slowing the pace of downstream
. . . innovation". A report shows that notwithstanding escalating funding, in the past halfdecade biomedical innovation has slowed markedly. The number of drugs approved by the
Food and Drug Administration has fallen below previous eras. The technologies approved, it
continues, are less influential than previous innovations approved. The current trend of
patenting what previously were thought of as basic science insights have raised the financial
bar for other scientists wanting to use such insight. The overall trend of more patents may be
slowing innovation.

However, others point out that patents are necessary for research. Without them, scientists
would keep secret all discoveries for fear of colleagues and others stealing their
ideas. There would also be little incentive for large-scale investments from the private
sector.

Reference: Wikipedia.org

212   "..."cyclical stimulus-response generators".

"Fixed Action Pattern (FAP) is an instinctive behavioral sequence that is indivisible
and runs to completion. Fixed action patterns are invariant and are produced by a
neural network known as the innate releasing mechanism in response to an external
sensory stimulus known as a sign stimulus or releaser.

A mating dance may be used as an example. Many species of birds engage in a specific
series of elaborate movements, usually by a brightly colored male. How well they perform
the "dance" is then used by females of the species to judge their fitness as a potential mate.
The key stimulus is typically the presence of the female.

Although fixed action patterns are most common in animals with simpler cognitive
capabilities, humans also demonstrate fixed action patterns. For example, infants grasp
strongly with their hands as a response to tactile stimulus."

Reference: Wikipedia.org

213   "...chemical-electrical trigger" mechanism..."

"A taxis (plural taxes) is an innate behavioural response by an organism to a stimulus. A
taxis differs from a tropism (turning response, often growth towards or away from a stimulus)
in that the organism has motility and demonstrates guided movement towards or away from
the stimulus. It also differs from a kinesis, a non-directional change in activity in response to
a stimulus that results in the illusion of directed motion due to different rates of activity
depending on stimulus intensity.

For example, flagellate protozoans of the genus Euglena move towards a light source. Here
the directional stimulus is light, and the orientation movement is towards the light. This
reaction or behaviour is a positive one to light and specifically termed "positive phototaxis",
since phototaxis is a response to a light stimulus, and the organism is moving towards the
stimulus. If the organism moves away from the stimulus, then the taxis is negative. Many
types of taxis have been identified and named using prefices to specify the stimulus that
elicits the response. These include anemotaxis (stimulation by wind), barotaxis (pressure),
chemotaxis (chemicals), galvanotaxis (electrical current), geotaxis (gravity), hydrotaxis
(moisture), phototaxis (light), rheotaxis (fluid flow), thermotaxis (temperature changes)
and thigmotaxis (physical contact).

Chemotaxis is a migratory response elicited by chemicals. Unicellular (e.g. protozoa) or
multicellular (e.g. worms) organisms are targets of the substances. A concentration gradient
of chemicals developed in a fluid phase guides the vectorial movement of responder cells or
organisms.

Electrotaxis is directional movement of motile cells in response to a electric field. It
has been suggested that by detecting and orientating themselves toward the electric fields.
This notion is based on 1) the existence of measurable electric fields that naturally occur
during wound healing, development and regeneration; and 2) cells in cultures respond to
applied electric fields by directional cell."

-- Reference: Wikipedia.org

214   "... reproductive chemical-electrical impulses stimulated by testosterone or
estrogen."

"Testosterone is a steroid hormone from the androgen group. In mammals, testosterone is
primarily secreted in the testes of males and the ovaries of females, although small amounts
are also secreted by the adrenal glands. It is the principal male sex hormone and an
anabolic steroid.

The period of the early 1930’s to the 1950’s has been called “The Golden Age of Steroid
Chemistry”, and work during this period progressed quickly. Research in this golden age
proved that this newly synthesized compound — testosterone — or rather family of
compounds (for many derivatives were developed in the 1940’s, 50’s and 60’s), was a potent
multiplier of muscle, strength, and wellbeing In both men and women, testosterone plays a key role in health and well-being as well as in sexual functioning.

The human hormone testosterone is produced in greater amounts by males, and less by
females. The human hormone estrogen is produced in greater amounts by females,
and less by males. On average, an adult human male body produces about forty to
sixty times more testosterone than an adult female body.

Testosterone causes the appearance of masculine traits (i.e deepening voice, pubic and
facial hairs, muscular build, etc.) Like men, women rely on testosterone to maintain libido,
bone density and muscle mass throughout their lives."

-- Reference: Wikipedia.org

215   "The debilitating impact and addiction to the "sexual aesthetic-pain" electronic
wave..."

"The term Sexual addiction is used to describe the behavior of a person who has an
unusually intense sex drive or obsession with sex. Sexual addiction, also called sexual
compulsion is a form of psychological addiction.

The behavior of sex addicts is comparable to behavior of alcoholics and addicts, where sex
functions like a drug. A common definition of alcoholism is that a person has a pathological
relationship with this mood altering drug. It provides a quick mood change, works every time
and the user loses control over their compulsion. Like alcoholics, sex addicts' lives rotate
around the constant desire for their "drug" of choice."

-- Reference: Wikipedia.org

216   "...space craft of The Domain travel trillions of light-years in a single day..."

Using the Julian Calendar year (not Gregorian) of 365.25 days, or exactly 31,557,600
seconds, gives the light-year an exact value of 9,460,730,472,580,800 meters. ( A meter =
3.281 feet or 39.37 inches.)

The distance to the nearest star from Earth is 4.24 light years!
Distances measured in fractions of a light-year usually involve objects within a star system.
Distances measured in light-years include distances between nearby stars, such as those in
the same spiral arm or globular cluster.

One kilolight-year, abbreviated "kly", is one thousand light-years, or about 307 parsecs.
Kilolight-years are typically used to measure distances between parts of a galaxy.
One megalight-year, abbreviated "Mly", is one million light-years, or about 306,600 parsecs.
Megalight-years are typically used to measure distances between neighboring galaxies and
galaxy clusters.

One gigalight-year, abbreviation "Gly", is one billion light-years — one of the largest distance
measures used. One gigalight-year is about 306.6 million parsecs.

-- Reference: Wikipedia.org

217   "... a heavy gravity, nitrogen/oxygen atmosphere planet..."

"The Earth's atmosphere is a layer of gases surrounding the planet Earth and retained by
the Earth's gravity. It contains roughly (by molar content/volume) 78.08% nitrogen, 20.95%
oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.038% carbon dioxide, trace amounts of other gases, and a variable
amount (average around 1%) of water vapor. This mixture of gases is commonly known as
air. The atmosphere protects life on Earth by absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation and
reducing temperature extremes between day and night.

There is no definite boundary between the atmosphere and outer space. It slowly becomes
thinner and fades into space. Three quarters of the atmosphere's mass is within 11 km of the
planetary surface. In the United States, people who travel above an altitude of 80.5 km (50
statute miles) are designated astronauts. An altitude of 120 km (~75 miles or 400,000 ft)
marks the boundary where atmospheric effects become noticeable during re-entry. The
Kármán line, at 100 km (62 miles or 328,000 ft), is also frequently regarded as the boundary
between atmosphere and outer space.

The atmosphere of Mars is relatively thin, and the atmospheric pressure on the surface
varies from around 30 Pa (0.03 kPa) on Olympus Mons's peak to over 1155 Pa (1.155 kPa)
in the depths of Hellas Planitia, with a mean surface level pressure of 600 Pa (0.6 kPa),
compared to Earth's 101.3 kPa. However, the scale height of the atmosphere is about
11 km, somewhat higher than Earth's 6 km. The atmosphere on Mars consists of 95%
carbon dioxide, 3% nitrogen, 1.6% argon, and contains traces of oxygen, water, and
methane. The atmosphere is quite dusty, giving the Martian sky a tawny color when seen
from the surface; data from the Mars Exploration Rovers indicates the suspended dust
particles are roughly 1.5 micrometres across.

The atmosphere of Venus, the second planet from the Sun, is much denser and hotter than
that of Earth. The surface temperature and pressure on Venus are 740 K (467°C) and
93 bar, respectively. The Venusian atmosphere supports thick persistent clouds made of
sulfuric acid, which make optical observations of the surface impossible. The information
about surface features on Venus has been obtained exclusively by radar imaging conducted
from the ground and Venera 15-16 and by Magellan space probes. The main atmosphereric
gases on Venus are carbon dioxide and nitrogen, which make up 96.5% and 3.5% of all
molecules. Other chemical compounds are present only in trace amounts.

The atmosphere of Venus is in state of a vigorous circulation and super-rotation. The whole
atmosphere circles the planet in just four days (super-rotation), which is a short time
compared with the sideral rotational period of 243 days. The winds supporting super-rotation
blow as fast as 100 m/s. Near the poles of Venus anticyclonic structures called polar
vortexes are located. In them the air moves downward. Each vortex is double eyed and
shows a characteristic S-shaped pattern of clouds.

Only the ionosphere and thin induced magnetosphere separate venusian atmosphere from
the space. They shield the atmosphere from the solar wind, which usually does not
penetrate deep into it. However they are incapable of preventing the loss of water, which is
continuously blown away by the solar wind through the induced magnetotail.

Despite the harsh conditions on the surface, at about a 50 km to 65 km level above the
surface of the planet the atmospheric pressure and temperature is nearly the same as that of
the Earth, making its upper atmosphere the most Earth-like area in the Solar System, even
more so than the surface of Mars. Due to the similarity in pressure, temperature and the fact
that breathable air (21% oxygen, 78% nitrogen) is a lifting gas on Venus in the same way
that helium is a lifting gas on Earth."

-- Reference: Wikipedia.org

218   "...Johannes Gutenberg..."

"Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg (c. 1400 – February 3, 1468) was a
German goldsmith and printer, who is credited with inventing movable type printing in
Europe (c. 1439) and mechanical printing globally. His major work, the Gutenberg Bible, also
known as the 42-line bible, has been acclaimed for its high aesthetic and technical quality.
Although Gutenberg was financially unsuccessful in his lifetime, the printing technologies
spread quickly, and news and books began to travel across Europe much faster than before.
It fed the growing Renaissance, and since it greatly facilitated scientific publishing, it was a
major catalyst for the later scientific revolution. Gutenberg is thought to have said: "Give me
26 soldiers of lead and I shall conquer the world."

Printing was also a factor in the Reformation: Martin Luther found that the 95 Theses, which
he posted on the door of his church, were printed and circulated widely; subsequently he
also issued broadsheets outlining his anti-indulgences position (ironically, indulgences were
one of the first items Gutenberg had printed). The broadsheet evolved into newspapers and
defined the mass media we know today."

-- Reference: Wikipedia.org

219   "...George Washington Carver..."

"George Washington Carver (July 12, 1864 – January 5, 1943) was an American botanical
researcher and agronomy educator who worked in agricultural extension at the Tuskegee
Institute in Tuskegee, Alabama, teaching former slaves farming techniques for selfsufficiency.
George Washington Carver reputedly discovered three hundred uses for peanuts and
hundreds more uses for soybeans, pecans and sweet potatoes. Among the listed items that
he suggested to southern farmers to help them economically were adhesives, axle grease,
bleach, buttermilk, chili sauce, fuel briquettes, ink, instant coffee, linoleum, mayonnaise,
meat tenderizer, metal polish, paper, plastic, pavement, shaving cream, shoe polish,
synthetic rubber, talcum powder and wood stain. Three patents (one for cosmetics, and two
for paints and stains) were issued to George Washington Carver in the years 1925 to 1927;
however, they were not commercially successful in the end. Aside from these patents and
some recipes for food, he left no formulas or procedures for making his products. He did not
keep a laboratory notebook.

Carver's most important accomplishments were in areas other than industrial products from
peanuts, including agricultural extension education, improvement of racial relations,
mentoring children, poetry, painting, religion, advocacy of sustainable agriculture and
appreciation of plants and nature. He served as a valuable role model for African-Americans
and an example of the importance of hard work, a positive attitude and a good education.
His humility, humanitarianism, good nature, frugality and lack of economic materialism have
also been widely admired.

One of his most important roles was that the fame of his achievements and many talents
undermined the widespread stereotype of the time that the black race was intellectually
inferior to the white race. In 1941, "Time" magazine dubbed him a "Black Leonardo".

-- Reference: Wikipedia.org

220  "...Jonas Salk..."

"Jonas Edward Salk (October 28, 1914 – June 23, 1995) was an American biologist and
physician best known for the research and development of the first effective polio vaccine.
While being interviewed by Edward R. Murrow on "See It Now" in 1955, Salk was asked:
"Who owns the patent on this vaccine?" Surprised by the question's assumption of the
requirement of a profit-motive for his creation, he responded: "There is no patent. Could you
patent the sun?"

-- Reference: Wikipedia.org

221   "...Richard Trevithick..."

" Richard Trevithick (born April 13, 1771 in Cornwall - died April 22, 1833 in Kent) was an
English inventor, mining engineer and builder of the first working railway steam locomotive."

-- Reference: Wikipedia.org

222   "... Renaissance..."

The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth"; Italian: Rinascimento, from
re- "again" and nascere "be born") was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th
through the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the late Middle Ages and later spreading to the
rest of western Europe. It encompassed a revival of learning based on classical sources, the
development of linear perspective in painting, and educational reform. The Renaissance saw
developments in most intellectual pursuits, but is perhaps best known for its artistic aspect
and the contributions of such polymaths as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, who have
inspired the term "Renaissance men".

However, it was not until the nineteenth century that the French word Renaissance
achieved popularity in describing the cultural movement that began in the late 13th
century" (1200 AD - 1300 AD).

The term was first used retrospectively by the Italian artist and critic Giorgio Vasari (1511-
1574) in his book The Lives of the Artists (published 1550). In the book Vasari was
attempting to define what he described as a break with the barbarities of gothic art: the arts
had fallen into decay with the collapse of the Roman Empire and only the Tuscan artists,
beginning with Cimabue (1240-1301) and Giotto (1267-1337) began to reverse this
decline in the arts. According to Vasari, antique art was central to the rebirth of Italian art.
During the 12th century in Europe, there was a radical change in the rate of new inventions
and innovations in the ways of managing traditional means of production and economic
growth. In less than a century, there were more inventions developed and applied usefully
than in the previous thousand years of human history all over the globe. The period saw
major technological advances, including the adoption or invention of printing, gunpowder,
spectacles, a better clock, the astrolabe, and greatly improved ships. The latter two
advances made possible the dawn of the Age of Exploration.

Alfred Crosby described some of this technological revolution in The Measure of
Reality : Quantification in Western Europe, 1250-1600 and other major historians of
technology have also noted it.

•The earliest written record of a windmill is from Yorkshire, England, dated 1185.
•Paper manufacture began in Italy around 1270.
•The spinning wheel was brought to Europe (probably from India) in the 13th century.
•The magnetic compass aided navigation, first reaching Europe some time in the late
12th century.
•Eyeglasses were invented in Italy in the late 1280s.
•The astrolabe returned to Europe via Islamic Spain.
•Leonardo of Pisa introduces Hindu-Arabic numerals to Europe with his book Liber
Abaci in 1202.
•The West's oldest known depiction of a stern-mounted rudder can be found on
church carvings dating to around 1180."

-- Reference: Wikipedia.org

223  "... explosions that were tested and used in the past two years on Earth have the
potential to destroy all of life..."

"A doomsday device is a hypothetical construction — usually a weapon — which could
destroy all life on the Earth, or destroy the Earth itself (bringing "doomsday", a term used for
the end of planet Earth).

Doomsday devices have been present in literature and art especially in the 20th century,
when advances in science and technology allowed humans to imagine a definite and
plausible way of actively destroying the world or all life on it (or at least human life). Many
classics in the genre of science fiction take up the theme in this respect, especially The
Purple Cloud (1901) by M. P. Shiel in which the accidental release of a gas kills all people on
the planet.

After the advent of nuclear weapons, especially hydrogen bombs, they have usually been
the dominant components of fictional doomsday devices. RAND strategist Herman Kahn
proposed a "Doomsday Machine" in the 1950s which would consist of a computer linked to a
stockpile of hydrogen bombs, programmed to detonate them all and bathe the planet in
nuclear fallout at the signal of an impending nuclear attack from another nation. Such a
scheme, fictional as it was, epitomized for many the extremes of the suicidal logic behind the
strategy of mutually assured destruction, and it was famously parodied in the Stanley
Kubrick film from 1964, Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the
Bomb. It is also a main topic of the movie Beneath the Planet of the Apes, in parallel with the
species extermination theme. Most such models either rely on the fact that hydrogen bombs
can be made arbitrarily large (see Teller-Ulam design) or that they can be "salted" with
materials designed to create long-lasting and hazardous fallout (e.g.; a cobalt bomb).

There are many unconfirmed, anecdotal reports of a Soviet doomsday device involving a
200-megaton hydrogen bomb sheathed in (or, alternately, "salted" with) a highly radioactive
material, usually said to be cobalt, of sufficient quantity to saturate the earth's atmosphere
with deadly fallout should the device be detonated. Details regarding this device vary
according to the source, but enough similarities in the dozens of different stories exist to
suggest at least some basis in truth. According to various sources, at some point between
1967 and 1985, the device was designed but never constructed; built but never activated;
built and activated, but dismantled at the end of the cold war; or designed and constructed in
such a manner that it can never be de-activated, and is still in existence today. Tales of its
location and means of operation are equally diverse: it was in an underground bunker west
of Moscow, Siberia, the Ukraine, etc.; it was installed on a special rocket booster that would
deliver it to the upper atmosphere upon activation; it was actually a series of bombs placed
at intervals along the western border of the USSR; it was to be detonated upon command
from the Kremlin, automatically by a special computer, a seismic trigger, or upon detection of
incoming missiles. Many more versions exist, such as one with the device being
permanently installed in the hold of an unmarked tramp freighter, steaming randomly from
port to port in the North Sea."

-- Reference: Wikipedia.org

224  "... paradigm..."

"Historian of science Thomas Kuhn gave this word its contemporary meaning when he
adopted it to refer to the set of practices that define a scientific discipline during a particular
period of time. Kuhn himself came to prefer the terms exemplar and normal science, which
have more exact philosophical meanings. However, in his book The Structure of Scientific
Revolutions Kuhn defines a scientific paradigm as:
•what is to be observed and scrutinized
•the kind of questions that are supposed to be asked and probed for answers in
relation to this subject
•how these questions are to be structured
•how the results of scientific investigations should be interpreted

Alternatively, the Oxford English Dictionary defines paradigm as "a pattern or model, an
exemplar."

-- Reference: Wikipedia.org

225  "...Nicola Tesla..."

"Nikola Tesla (10 July 1856 – 7 January 1943) was an inventor, physicist, mechanical
engineer, and electrical engineer. Born in Smiljan, Croatian Krajina, Military Frontier, he was
an ethnic Serb subject of the Austrian Empire and later became an American citizen. Tesla
is best known for his many revolutionary contributions to the discipline of electricity and
magnetism in the late 19th and early 20th century. Tesla's patents and theoretical work
formed the basis of modern alternating current electric power (AC) systems, including the
polyphase power distribution systems and the AC motor, with which he helped usher in the
Second Industrial Revolution. Contemporary biographers of Tesla have deemed him "the
man who invented the twentieth century" and "the patron saint of modern electricity."

After his demonstration of wireless communication (radio) in 1893 and after being the victor
in the "War of Currents", he was widely respected as America's greatest electrical engineer.
Much of his early work pioneered modern electrical engineering and many of his discoveries
were of groundbreaking importance. During this period, in the United States, Tesla's fame
rivaled that of any other inventor or scientist in history or popular culture but due to his
eccentric personality and unbelievable and sometimes bizarre claims about possible
scientific and technological developments, Tesla was ultimately ostracized and regarded as
a "mad scientist". Never having put much focus on his finances, Tesla died impoverished at
the age of 86.

Aside from his work on electromagnetism and engineering, Tesla is said to have
contributed in varying degrees to the establishment of robotics, remote control, radar
and computer science, and to the expansion of ballistics, nuclear physics, and
theoretical physics. In 1943, the Supreme Court of the United States credited him as
being the inventor of the radio."

He performed several experiments prior to Roentgen's discovery (including photographing
the bones of his hand; later, he sent these images to Roentgen) but didn't make his findings
widely known; much of his research was lost in the 5th Avenue lab fire of March 1895.

A "world system" for "the transmission of electrical energy without wires" that
depends upon the electrical conductivity was proposed in which transmission in various
natural mediums with current that passes between the two point are used to power devices.
In a practical wireless energy transmission system using this principle, a high-power
ultraviolet beam might be used to form a vertical ionized channel in the air directly above the
transmitter-receiver stations. The same concept is used in virtual lightning rods, the
electrolaser electroshock weapon, and has been proposed for disabling vehicles.

Tesla demonstrated "the transmission of electrical energy without wires" that depends
upon electrical conductivity as early as 1891. The Tesla effect (named in honor of Tesla) is
the archaic term for an application of this type of electrical conduction (that is, the movement
of energy through space and matter; not just the production of voltage across a conductor)
Tesla also investigated harvesting energy that is present throughout space. He
believed that it was just merely a question of time when men will succeed in attaching their
machinery to the very wheelwork of nature, stating: Ere many generations pass, our
machinery will be driven by a power obtainable at any point of the universe. —"Experiments
With Alternate Currents Of High Potential And High Frequency" (February 1892)

Tesla began to theorize about electricity and magnetism's power to warp, or rather change,
space and time and the procedure by which man could forcibly control this power. Near the
end of his life, Tesla was fascinated with the idea of light as both a particle and a wave, a
fundamental proposition already incorporated into quantum physics. This field of inquiry led
to the idea of creating a "wall of light" by manipulating electromagnetic waves in a
certain pattern. This mysterious wall of light would enable time, space, gravity and matter to
be altered at will, and engendered an array of Tesla proposals that seem to leap
straight out of science fiction, including anti-gravity airships, teleportation, and time
travel.

The single strangest invention Tesla ever proposed was probably the "thought
photography" machine. He reasoned that a thought formed in the mind created a
corresponding image in the retina, and the electrical data of this neural transmission could
be read and recorded in a machine. The stored information could then be processed through
an artificial optic nerve and played back as visual patterns on a viewscreen.

Another of Tesla's theorized inventions is commonly referred to as Tesla's Flying Machine,
which appears to resemble an ion-propelled aircraft. Tesla claimed that one of his life
goals was to create a flying machine that would run without the use of an airplane
engine, wings, ailerons, propellers, or an onboard fuel source. Initially, Tesla pondered
about the idea of a flying craft that would fly using an electric motor powered by grounded
base stations. As time progressed, Tesla suggested that perhaps such an aircraft could be
run entirely electro-mechanically. The theorized appearance would typically take the
form of a cigar or saucer.

In the Colorado Springs lab, Tesla observed unusual signals that he later thought may
have been evidence of extraterrestrial radio communications coming from Venus or
Mars. He noticed repetitive signals from his receiver which were substantially different from
the signals he had noted from storms and earth noise. Specifically, he later recalled that the
signals appeared in groups of one, two, three, and four clicks together. Tesla had mentioned
before this event and many times after that he thought his inventions could be used to
talk with other planets. There have even been claims that he invented a "Teslascope" for
just such a purpose.

"I hold that space cannot be curved, for the simple reason that it can have no
properties. It might as well be said that God has properties. He has not, but only
attributes and these are of our own making. Of properties we can only speak when dealing
with matter filling the space. To say that in the presence of large bodies space becomes
curved is equivalent to stating that something can act upon nothing. I, for one, refuse to
subscribe to such a view." -- New York Herald Tribune, September 11, 1932

Tesla was critical of Einstein's relativity work, calling it :

"...[a] magnificent mathematical garb which fascinates, dazzles and makes people blind to
the underlying errors. The theory is like a beggar clothed in purple whom ignorant people
take for a king..., its exponents are brilliant men but they are metaphysicists rather than
scientists... "

- New York Times, July 11, 1935, p 23, c.8

"Nikola Tesla invented the 20th and 21st Century. A 'discoverer of new principles,' Tesla was
the sole inventor of the alternating poly-phase current generators that light up every town in
the world today. He was the original inventor of the radio, and placed his ideas in print and
demonstrated them before the public 5 years before Marconi. By the turn of the century, he
had discussed the feasibility of television; he created an atom smasher capable of
evaporating rubies and diamonds; he built wireless neon lamps that gave off more light than
today's conventional bulbs provide; he built precursors to the electron microscope, the laser
and X-ray photographs. He sent his shadowgraphs to the discoverer of X-rays in 1895 as
soon a Roentgen published his famous pictures. Tesla also created Kirlian-like
photographs 75 years before they became famous. All of this took place before 1900!'
Tesla, and not Edison, invented the poly-phase alternators that power our modern
civilization; and it was Tesla who was eventually awarded Marconi's wireless patents long
after Tesla and Marconi were both dead. In all, Tesla contributed over 1200 patents, and we
are currently using only some 200 of them. Near everyone remembers the Tesla Coil, but
how many remember that he demonstrated wireless transmission of electric power prior to
1900?

When offered to share the Nobel Prize with Edison for their electrical inventions, Tesla
turned the prestigious award down! Edison never received the Nobel Prize.
Tesla is quoted as saying:

'In the dark I had the sense of a bat, and could detect the presence of an object at a
distance of 12 feet away by a peculiar creepy sensation on the forehead...'
'In Budapest, I could hear the ticking of a watch with 3 rooms between me and the
timepiece. A fly alighting on a table in the room would cause a dull thud in my ear. A
carriage passing at a distance of a few miles fairly shook my whole body. The whistle
of a locomotive 20 or 30 miles away made the bench or chair on which I sat vibrate so
strongly that the pain was unbearable. The ground under my feet trembled
continuously...'

Tesla said in an 1892 lecture :

'Ere many generations pass, our machinery will be driven by a power obtainable at
any point of the universe. Throughout space there is energy. Is this energy static or
kinetic? If static, our hopes are in vain; if kinetic - and this we know it is, for certain - then it is
a mere question of time when men will succeed in attaching their machinery to the very
wheelwork of nature.'

-- Reference: http://www.world-mysteries.com/dougy.htm