182 "...Oannes..."
"Oannes was the name given by the Babylonian writer Berossus in the 3rd century BC to a
mythical being who taught mankind wisdom. Berossus describes Oannes as having the body
of a fish but underneath the figure of a man. He is described as dwelling in the Persian Gulf,
and rising out of the waters in the daytime and furnishing mankind instruction in writing, the
arts and the various sciences.
Once thought to be based on the ancient Babylonian god Ea, it is now known that Oannes is
in fact based on Uan (Adapa) - the first of the seven antediluvian sages or Abgallu (in
Sumerian Ab=water, Gal=Great, Lu=man), who were sent by Ea to deliver the arts of
civilization to mankind in ancient Sumerian mythology, at Eridu, the oldest city of Sumer."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
183 "Some members of the lost Battalion have been found in the oceans inhabiting the bodies of dolphins or whales."
Dolphins have long played a role in human culture. Dolphins are common in Greek
mythology and there are many coins from the time which feature a man or boy riding on the
back of a dolphin. The Ancient Greeks treated them with welcome; a ship spotting dolphins
riding in their wake was considered a good omen for a smooth voyage. Dolphins also seem
to have been important to the Minoans, judging by artistic evidence from the ruined
palace at Knossos. In Hindu mythology, the Ganges River Dolphin is associated with
Ganga, the deity of the Ganges river.
Dolphins are often regarded as one of Earth's most intelligent animals, though it is hard
to say just how intelligent dolphins are, as comparisons of species' relative intelligence
are complicated by differences in sensory apparatus, response modes, and nature of
cognition. Furthermore, the difficulty and expense of doing experimental work with large
aquatics means that some tests which could yield meaningful results still have not been
carried out, or have been carried out with inadequate sample size and methodology. Dolphin
behavior has been studied extensively by humans however, both in captivity and in the wild."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
184 "... The Anunnaki..."
"The Anunnaki are a group of Sumerian and Akkadian deities related to, and in some cases
overlapping with, the Annuna (the 'Fifty Great Gods') and the Igigi (minor gods),
meaning something to the effect of 'those of royal blood' or 'princely offspring' or
"heaven and earth".
The Annunaki appear in the Babylonian creation myth, Enuma Elish. In the late version
magnifying Marduk, after the creation of mankind, Marduk divides the Anunnaki and
assigns them to their proper stations, three hundred in heaven, three hundred on the
earth. The Anunnaki were the High Council of the Gods, and Anu's companions. They
were distributed through the Earth and the Underworld."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
185 "... flying on a "Winged-Disc". "
"The winged sun is a symbol associated with divinity, royalty and power in the Ancient
Near East (Egypt, Mesopotamia, Anatolia, and Persia). The symbol has also been found in
the records of ancient cultures residing in various regions of South America as well as
Australia.
In Ancient Egypt, the symbol is attested from the Old Kingdom (Sneferu, 26th century BC),
often flanked on either side with a uraeus. In early Egyptian religion, the symbol Behedeti
represented Horus of Edfu, later identified with Ra-Harachte. It is sometimes depicted on the
neck of Apis, the bull of Ptah. As time passed (according to interpretation) all of the
subordinated gods of Egypt were considered to be aspects of the sun god, including e.g.
Khepri.
From roughly 2000 BC, the symbol spread to the Levant and to Mesopotamia. It appears in
reliefs with Assyrian rulers and in Hieroglyphic Anatolian as a symbol for royalty,
transcribed as literally, "his own self, the Sun". From ca. the 8th century BC, it appears on
Hebrew seals, by now as a generic symbol for "power". The symbol evolved into the
Faravahar (the "visual aspect of Ahura Mazda") in Zoroastrian Persia."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
186 "... he established a high standard of ethical, and humanitarian philosophy..."
"Up to the time of the conquest of Media by Cyrus the Great, Median emperors ruled their
conquered territories as provinces, through client kings and governors. One of the keys to
the Achaemenid success (as with most enduring great empires) was their open
attitude to the culture and religion of the conquered people, so ironically the Persian
culture was the one most affected as the Great King endeavored to melt elements
from all his subjects into a new imperial style."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
187 "... Teotihuacan..."
"Several authors, including Zecharia Sitchin and Graham Hancock, have repeated each
other’s argument that there are major correspondences between the pyramids of Gizeh and
those of Teotihuacan. The Pyramid of the Sun is 225m wide and 65 m high, constructed out
of five successive layers of mud. Its ascent is via 242 stairs. The floor plan is rather close to
that of the Pyramid of Khufu at Gizeh. The Pyramid of the Moon is much smaller: 42 m high
and 150 m wide, yet its summit is as high as that of Sun, because it sits on the site’s highest
point. This feature can also be seen in Gizeh, where Khufu’s and Khafre’s pyramid reach an
equal height, even though one is taller than the other.
The most obvious comparison, however, is that the layout of both the three pyramids at
Gizeh and the three main structures of Teotihuacan represent the Belt of Orion. The Pyramid
of the Moon compares with the smallest pyramid on the plateau, the Sun Pyramid with
Khafre and the Temple of Quetzalcoatl, which has the largest ground plan, but never was
built into a full pyramid, compares with that of Khufu.
Though there are individual differences, I would suggest that the same ingredients have
been used, answering to the same general ground plan: to represent the Belt of Orion, which
in ancient Egypt was the symbol of Horus (not Osiris as Adrian Gilbert and Robert Bauval
have argued) and in the Mayan culture was part of the creation mythology. Local legends
stated that the complex was built to transform men into gods. For sure, an “alien space
station” could be an interpretation of that, but it is clear that the answer needs to be located
in the domain of religion.
On May 17, ca. 150 AD, the Pleiades rose just before the Sun in the predawn skies. This
synchronization, known as the heliacal rising of the Pleiades, only lasted approx. 100 year. It
is now suggested that it was this event that was at the origin of Teotihuacan. The sun and
the Pleiades are important in the religious rituals. The Sun-Pleiades zenith conjunction
marked what is known as the New Fire ceremony. Bernardino de Sahugun’s Aztec
informants stated that the ceremony occurred at the end of every 52 year Calendar Round.
The Aztecs and their predecessors had carefully observed the Pleiades, and on the
expected night they were supposed to pass through the zenith, precisely at midnight, when
the ceremony was performed."
-- Reference: http://www.philipcoppens.com/orionimage.html
188 "... al-Hassan ibn-al-Sabbah..."
"The story is that al-Hassan ibn-al-Sabbah used hashish to enlist the aid of young men into
his private army known as assassins (aschishin - or follower of Hassan). One of the primary
sources for this information comes from the writings of Marco Polo who visited the area in
1273, almost 150 years after the reign of Al-Hassan.
There are many conflicting facts and sources for this information.
In the early 11th century, al-Hassan became the head of the Persian sect of the Ismailians, a
rather obscure party of fanatics which gained local power under his guidance. In 1090, al-
Hassan and his followers seized the castle of Alamut, in the province of Rudbar, which lies in
the mountainous region south of the Caspian Sea. It was from this mountain home that he
obtained evil celebrity among the Crusaders as "the old man of the mountains", and spread
terror through the Mohammedan world.
In the account given by Marco Polo in "The Adventures [or Travels] of Marco Polo" it is told
that "The Old Man kept at his court such boys of twelve years old as seemed to him destined
to become courageous men. When the Old Man sent them into the garden in groups of four,
ten or twenty, he gave them hashish to drink. They slept for three days, then they were
carried sleeping into the garden where he had them awakened.
"When these young men woke, and found themselves in the garden with all these marvelous
things, they truly believed themselves to be in paradise. And these damsels were always
with them in songs and great entertainments; they; received everything they asked for, so
that they would never have left that garden of their own will."
-- Reference: http://www.alamut.com/subj/ideologies/alamut/etymolAss.html
189 "... Knights Templar..."
"The Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon commonly known as
the Knights Templar were among the most famous of the Western Christian military orders.
The organization existed for approximately two centuries in the Middle Ages. It was founded
in the aftermath of the First Crusade of 1096 to ensure the safety of the many Europeans
who made the pilgrimage to Jerusalem after its conquest.
Around 1119, two veterans of the First Crusade, the French knight Hugues de Payens and
his relative Godfrey de Saint-Omer, proposed the creation of a monastic order for the
protection of the pilgrims. King Baldwin II of Jerusalem agreed to their request, and gave
them space for a headquarters on the Temple Mount, in the captured Al Aqsa Mosque. The
Temple Mount had a mystique, because it was above what was believed to be the ruins of
the Temple of Solomon. The Crusaders therefore referred to the Al Aqsa Mosque as
Solomon's Temple, and it was from this location that the Order took the name of Poor
Knights of Christ and the Temple of Solomon, or "Templar" knights. The Order, with about
nine knights, had few financial resources and relied on donations to survive. Their emblem
was of two knights riding on a single horse, emphasizing the Order's poverty.
The Templars' impoverished status did not last long. They had a powerful advocate in
Bernard of Clairvaux, a leading Church figure and a nephew of one of the founding knights.
He spoke and wrote persuasively on their behalf, and in 1129 at the Council of Troyes, the
Order was officially endorsed by the Church. With this formal blessing, the Templars became
a favored charity across Europe, receiving money, land, businesses, and noble-born sons
from families who were eager to help with the fight in the Holy Land. Another major benefit
came in 1139, when Pope Innocent II's papal bull Omne Datum Optimum exempted the
Order from obedience to local laws. This ruling meant that the Templars could pass freely
through all borders, were not required to pay any taxes, and were exempt from all
authority except that of the Pope.
With its clear mission and ample resources, the Order grew rapidly. Templars were often the
advance force in key battles of the Crusades, as the knights on their heavily armed
warhorses would set out to gallop full speed at the enemy, in an attempt to break opposition
lines. One of their most famous victories was in 1177 during the Battle of Montgisard, where
some 500 Templar knights helped to defeat Saladin's army of more than 26,000 soldiers.
Although the primary mission of the Order was military, relatively few members were
combatants. The others acted in support positions to assist the knights and to
manage the financial infrastructure. The Templar Order, though its members were
sworn to individual poverty, was given control of wealth beyond direct donations. A
nobleman who was interested in participating in the Crusades might place all his
assets under Templar management while he was away. Accumulating wealth in this
manner across Europe and the Outremer, the Order in 1150 began generating letters of
credit for pilgrims journeying to the Holy Land: pilgrims deposited their valuables with a
local Templar preceptory before embarking, received an encrypted document indicating
the value of their deposit, then used that document upon arrival in the Holy Land to retrieve
their funds. This innovative arrangement may have been the first formal system to
support the use of cheques; it improved the safety of pilgrims by making them less
attractive targets for thieves, and also contributed to the Templar coffers.
Based on this mix of donations and business dealing, the Templar established financial
networks across the whole of Christendom. They acquired large tracts of land, both in
Europe and the Middle East; they bought and managed farms and vineyards; they built
churches and castles; they were involved in manufacturing, import and export; they had their
own fleet of ships; and at one point they even owned the entire island of Cyrprus. The
Templar arguably qualifies as the world's first multinational corporation."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
190
" The Knights Templar were disbanded by King Philip IV of France, who was
deeply in debt to the Order."
"King Philip was already deeply in debt to the Templars from his war with the English and
decided to seize upon the rumors for his own purposes. He began pressuring the Church to
take action against the Order, as a way of freeing himself from his debts.
On Friday October 13, 1307 (a date linked with the origin of the Friday the 13th
superstition), Philip ordered de Molay and scores of other French Templars to be
simultaneously arrested. The Templars were charged with numerous heresies and tortured
to extract false confessions of blasphemy. The confessions, despite having been obtained
under duress, caused a scandal in Paris. After more bullying from Philip, Pope Clement then
issued the bull Pastoralis Praeeminentiae on November 22, 1307, which instructed all
Christian monarchs in Europe to arrest all Templars and seize their assets.
Pope Clement called for papal hearings to determine the Templars' guilt or innocence, and
once freed of the Inquisitors' torture, many Templars recanted their confessions. Some had
sufficient legal experience to defend themselves in the trials, but in 1310 Philip blocked this
attempt, using the previously forced confessions to have dozens of Templars burned at the
stake in Paris.
With the last of the Order's leaders gone, the remaining Templars around Europe were
either arrested and tried under the Papal investigation (with virtually none convicted),
absorbed into other military orders such as the Knights Hospitaller, or pensioned and
allowed to live out their days peacefully. Some may have fled to other territories outside
Papal control, such as excommunicated Scotland or to Switzerland.
It is estimated that at the Order's peak there were between 15,000 and 20,000
Templars, of whom about a tenth were actual knights."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
191 "The Templars fled to Switzerland where they established an international banking system..."
"Banking in Switzerland is characterized by stability, privacy and protection of clients'
assets and information. The country's tradition of bank secrecy, which dates to the
Middle Ages.
According to the CIA World Factbook, Switzerland is "a major international financial
centre vulnerable to the layering and integration stages of money laundering; despite
significant legislation and reporting requirements, secrecy rules persist and
nonresidents are permitted to conduct business through offshore entities and various
intermediaries..."
In 1998, an international panel of historians released a study that claimed a significant
amount of gold had been stolen from Holocaust victims, as well as the treasuries of
conquered countries, and deposited in the Swiss National Bank. The panel found that,
despite evidence of theft and wrongful acquisition of the gold, the SNB continued to accept
the deposits. In 2000, a United States District Court judge approved a US$1.85 billion
settlement between several Swiss banks and Holocaust victims."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
192 "A primary influence of "Old Empire" operatives is on international bankers..."
EDITOR'S NOTE: The most famous example of this kind of activity is the "Bilderberg
Conference". See the following reference to this organization from Wikipedia.org:
"The Bilderberg Group or Bilderberg conference is an unofficial annual invitation-only
conference of around 130 guests, most of whom are persons of influence in the fields of
business, media and politics.
The elite group meets annually at luxury hotels or resorts throughout the world — normally
in Europe — and once every four years in the United States or Canada. It has an office in
Leiden, South Holland, Netherlands. The 2007 conference took place from May 31 to June 3
at the Ritz-Carlton Hotel in Istanbul, Turkey.
Attendees of Bilderberg include central bankers, defense experts, mass media press
barons, government ministers, prime ministers, royalty, international financiers and
political leaders from Europe and North America.
Some of the Western world's leading financiers and foreign policy strategists attend
Bilderberg. Donald Rumsfeld is an active Bilderberger, as is Peter Sutherland from Ireland,
a former European Union commissioner and chairman of Goldman Sachs and of British
Petroleum. Rumsfeld and Sutherland served together in 2000 on the board of the
Swedish/Swiss engineering company ABB. Former U.S. Deputy Defense Secretary and
former World Bank head Paul Wolfowitz is also a member. The group's current chairman
is Etienne Davignon, the Belgian businessman and politician.
Critics say the Bilderberg Group promotes the careers of politicians whose views are
representative of the interests of multinational corporations, at the expense of
democracy.
The group's secrecy and its connections to power elites has provided fodder for many who
believe that the group is part of a conspiracy to create a New World Order.
Radio host Alex Jones promotes the theory that the group intends to dissolve the
sovereignty of the United States and other countries into a supra-national structure similar to
the European Union. Madrid-based author Daniel Estulin claims that the long-term purpose
of Bilderberg is to "Build a One-World Empire". He states the group "is not the end but the
means to a future One World Government". Another opponent of the group, Tony Gosling,
has registered the domain name Bilderberg.org, largely hosting material critical of
Bilderberg.
Reporter Jonathan Duffy, writing in BBC News Online Magazine states "In the void created
by such aloofness, an extraordinary conspiracy theory has grown up around the group that
alleges the fate of the world is largely decided by Bilderberg."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
193
" A primary influence of "Old Empire" operatives on international bankers is to act
as an unseen, non-combatant provocateur who covertly promote and finance
weapons and warfare..."
(EDITOR'S NOTE: An excellent modern example of this activity has been documented in
the World War II financing of Nazis by (Prescott Bush, Director of Union Banking
Corp.) the patriarch of President George Bush and his son, President George W.
Bush:
"On October 20, 1942, the U.S. government ordered the seizure of Nazi German banking
operations in New York City that were being conducted by Prescott Bush, the father of
former president George Herbert Walker Bush.
Harriman Bank was the main Wall Street connection for several German companies and the
varied U.S. financial interests of Fritz Thyssen. Thyssen had been an early financial backer
of the Nazi party until 1938, but by 1939 had fled Germany and was bitterly denouncing
Hitler. He was later jailed by the Nazis for his opposition to the regime. Business
transactions with Germany were not illegal when Hitler declared war on the United States on
December 11, 1941, but, six days after the attack on Pearl Harbor, President Franklin
Delano Roosevelt signed the Trading With the Enemy Act after it had been made public that
U.S. companies were doing business with the declared enemy of the United States.
On October 20, 1942, the U.S. government ordered the seizure of German banking
operations in New York City. Roosevelt's Alien Property Custodian, Leo T. Crowley, signed
Vesting Order Number 248 seizing Bush's property under the Trading with the Enemy Act.
The order cited only the Union Banking Corporation (UBC), of which Bush was a director
and held one share, which had connections with a Dutch bank owned by Thyssen.
Fox News has reported that recently declassified material reveals that the 4,000 Union
Banking shares owned by the Dutch bank were registered in the names of the seven U.S.
directors, according to a document signed by Homer Jones, chief of the division of
investigation and research of the Office of Alien Property Custodian, a World War II-era
agency. By 1941 Thyssen no longer had control over his banking empire, which was in the
hands of the Nazi government.
•E. Roland Harriman – 3991 shares (managed and under voting control of
Prescott Bush)
•Cornelis Lievense – 4 shares (He was the New York banker of the Nazi Party)
•Harold D. Pennington – 1 share (Employed by Prescott Bush at Brown Brothers
Harriman)
•Ray Morris – 1 share (a business partner of the Bush and Harriman families)
•Prescott S. Bush – 1 share (director of UBC, which was co-founded and
sponsored by his father-in-law George Walker; senior managing partner for E.
Roland Harriman and Averell Harriman)
•H.J. Kouwenhoven – 1 share (organized UBC for Von Thyssen, managed UBC in
Nazi occupied Netherlands)
•Johann G. Groeninger – 1 share (German Industrial Executive, a not unimportant
member of the Nazi party)
Both E. Roland Harriman and Prescott Bush were members of Skull and Bones as well
as being members of the board of Brown Brothers Harriman & Co..
The Harriman business interests seized under the act in October and November 1942
included:
•Union Banking Corporation (UBC) (for Thyssen and Brown Brothers Harriman). The
President of UBC at that time was George Herbert Walker, Bush's father-in-law.
•Dutch-American Trading Corporation (with Harriman)
•the Seamless Steel Equipment Corporation (with Harriman)
•Silesian-American Corporation (this company was partially owned by a German
entity; during the war the Germans tried to take full control of Silesian-American. In
response to that, the American government seized German owned minority shares
in the company, leaving the U.S. partners to carry on the business.)
The assets were held by the government for the duration of the war, then returned afterward.
UBC was dissolved in 1951. Bush was on the board of directors of UBC and held one
share in the company. For it, he was reimbursed $1,500,000.(a huge amount of money
at the time - but there is no documentary evidence to support this claim) These
supposed assets were later used to launch Bush family investments in the Texas
energy industry.
Toby Rogers has claimed that Bush's connections to Silesian businesses (with Thyssen and
Flick) make him complicit with the mining operations in Nazi-occupied Poland which used
slave labor out of Oświęcim, where the Auschwitz concentration camp was later constructed.
The New York Herald-Tribune referred to Thyssen as "Hitler's Angel" and mentioned
Bush as an employee of the investment banking firm Thyssen used in the United
States. Some records in the National Archives, including the Harriman papers, document
the continued relationship of Brown Brothers Harriman with Thyssen and some of his
German investments up until his 1951 death. Investigator John Loftus has said, "As a
former federal prosecutor, I would make a case for Prescott Bush, his father-in-law
(George Walker) and Averell Harriman [to be prosecuted] for giving aid and comfort to
the enemy. They remained on the boards of these companies knowing that they were
of financial benefit to the nation of Germany."
Two former slave laborers from Poland have filed suit in London against the
government of the United States and the heirs of Prescott Bush in the amount of $40
billion. A class-action lawsuit filed in the U.S. in 2001 was dismissed based on the principle
of state sovereignty.
Prescott Bush connection to the Merchants of Death industry came from his father Samuel
P. Bush who worked for Buckeye Steel Castings Company which manufactured railway
parts for the railroad industry and barrels for guns and casings for shells for Remington
Arms."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
There are also many well documented books which detail the relationship between
Swiss Banks the Nazi war machine:
Germany and the Second World War: Volume VI: The Global War (Germany and the
Second World War by Horst Boog, Werner Rahn, and Reinhard Stumpf
The complicity of the Swiss banks and government in funding the Nazi regime was
known at the end of World War II. Read the details on the following website:
http://www.religioustolerance.org/holo_apol.htm
"The Secret War Against the Jews, Unholy Trinity (By Mark Aarons, John Loftus) tells
one of the darkest tales of World War II. After the war had ended, fearing a surge of Soviet
growth, the Papacy entered into an espionage alliance with British and American intelligence
agents. Subsuming justice to the nascent Cold War ideology, these three powers ferreted
Nazi criminals out of Europe so that they could be used in the supposedly greater fight
against Communism. The Vatica's Nazi smuggling network was penetrated by Prince Anton
Turkul, the great Soviet double agent who turned the operations into a sting for his masters
in the Kremlin. Unholy Trinity exposes Turkul's "Red Nazi" operation for the first time and
shows how Kim Philby, the infamous British-Soviet double agent, and his network were
nearly sacrificed to preserve Turkul's Vatican operation. Exploring the Vatican's role in aiding
Nazi criminals to escape punishment for their crimes, this book, originally published in 1991,
first revealed the Vatican--Swiss bank connection to Nazi gold and documented the hidden
links to Western investors in Nazi Germany.
Since 1991, major revelations about the role of Swiss banks have confirmed Unholy Trinity's expose of the flight of the Nazi's stolen treasures; the new introduction and new final chapters, written by Aarons and Loftus for this edition, bring the book completely up to date and show how the media have missed the vital Vatican connection in the Swiss-bank story. Among other things, the authors demonstrate that U.S. and British code-breakers were fully aware of the Holocaust as early as 1941 but lied to the Western press; that the code-breakers bugged the Swiss banks and then buried secrets of Nazi gold transfers to protect U.S. intelligence chief Allen Dulles; and that the Australian, British, and Canadian governments are still waging a campaign to keep their citizens ignorant about the Nazi war criminals living among them. Covers all these topics and more, Unholy Trinity is the definitive history of a series of profoundly disturbing cover-ups involving the Holy See, Allen Dulles, the Swiss banks, and the remnants of the Third Reich."
-- Reference:
Otto Nathan (1893-1987) was an economist who taught at Princeton University (1933-35),
New York University (1935-42), Vassar College (1942-44), and Howard University (1946-
52). Dr. Nathan was a close friend of Albert Einstein for many years and was designated by
Einstein as co-trustee of his literary estate with Helen Dukas. Otto Nathan was the author of
the following books which detail the Swiss Banks involvement in WW II:
Nazi War Finance and Banking Our Economy in War. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
National Bureau of Economic Research, 1944. Paperback: ASIN B000J0VXBG.
The Nazi Economic System: Germany's Mobilization for War. New York: Russell &
Russell, 1971. Hardcover textbook: ISBN 0-846-21501-2, ISBN 978-0-84621-501-1"
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
194 "...Bloodletting..."
"Bloodletting is one of the oldest medical practices, having been practiced among diverse
ancient peoples, including the Mesopotamians, the Egyptians, the Greeks, the Mayans, and
the Aztecs. In Greece, bloodletting was in use around the time of Hippocrates, who mentions
bloodletting but in general relied on dietary techniques. Erasistratus, however, theorized that
many diseases were caused by plethoras, or overabundances, in the blood, and advised
that these plethoras be treated, initially, by exercise, sweating, reduced food intake, and
vomiting. Herophilus advocated bloodletting. Archagathus, one of the first Greek physicians
to practice in Rome, practiced bloodletting extensively and gained a most sanguinary
reputation.
The popularity of bloodletting in Greece was reinforced by the ideas of Galen, after he
discovered the veins and arteries were filled with blood, not air as was commonly believed at
the time. There were two key concepts in his system of bloodletting. The first was that blood
was created and then used up, it did not circulate and so it could 'stagnate' in the
extremities. The second was that humoral balance was the basis of illness or health, the four
humours being blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile, relating to the four Greek classical
elements of air, water, earth and fire. Galen believed that blood was the dominant humour
and the one in most need of control. In order to balance the humours, a physician would
either remove 'excess' blood (plethora) from the patient or give them an emetic to induce
vomiting, or a diuretic to induce urination.
Bloodletting was especially popular in the young United States of America, where Benjamin
Rush (a signatory of the Declaration of Independence) saw the state of the arteries as the
key to disease, recommending levels of blood-letting that were high, even for the time.
George Washington was treated in this manner following a horseback riding accident:
almost 4 pounds (1.7 litres) of blood was withdrawn, contributing to his death by throat
infection in 1799."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
195 "... you will find "evolution" mentioned in the ancient Vedic Hymns..."
"The Vedas are very exhaustive scriptures. Each Veda contains several sections and
thousands of hymns. Some of the Vedic hymns, especially the hymns of the Rig Veda, are
considered to be at least 6000-8000 years old.
The Vedas are believed to be revealed scriptures, because they are considered to be
divine in origin. Since they were not written by any human beings but were only heard
in deep meditative states, they are commonly referred as srutis or those that were heard."
-- Reference: http://www.hinduwebsite.com/vedicsection/vedichymns.asp
"The Vedas (Sanskrit véda वद"knowledge") are a large corpus of texts originating in Ancient
India. They form the oldest layer of Sanskrit literature and the oldest sacred texts of
Hinduism. According to Hindu tradition, the Vedas are "not human compositions", being
supposed to have been directly revealed, and thus are called śruti ("what is heard"). Vedic
mantras are recited at Hindu prayers, religious functions and other auspicious occasions.
Philosophies and sects that developed in the Indian subcontinent have taken differing
positions on the Vedas. Schools of Indian philosophy which cite the Vedas as their scriptural
authority are classified as "orthodox" (āstika). Other traditions, notably Buddhism and
Jainism, though they are (like the vedanta) similarly concerned with liberation did not regard
the Vedas as divine ordinances but rather human expositions of the sphere of higher
spiritual knowledge, hence not sacrosanct."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org